Multipl skleroz (MS), tedavisi mümkün olmayan hasarlara yol açan otoimmün bir hastalıktır. Leipzig Üniversitesi ve Max Planck Enstitüsü tarafından yürütülen çığır açan bir araştırma, bağışıklık sisteminin akson hasarına nasıl yol açtığına dair yeni bir model ortaya koydu. Araştırmacıların bulguları, MS’e dair senaryoyu tersine çeviriyor ve hastalığın ortaya çıkışına dair yeni bir bakış açısı sunuyor.
“Schaffner ve diğerleri, Nature Neuroscience 2023”
Oligodendrositler, nöronların uzun aksonlarının etkinliğini korumak ve arttırmaktan sorumlu olan miyelin kılıflarını oluşturur. Mevcut MS anlayışımıza göre, bağışıklık sistemi oligodendrositlere saldırdığında, miyelin çıkarılır ve aksonlar zararlı iltihaplanmaya maruz kalır.
Eğer miyelin kaplı aksonların kaybı MS’in ilerlemesinden tek başına sorumluysa, neden miyelin kaybı meydana gelmeden önce MS semptomlarını görüyoruz? Bu kafa karıştırıcı soru, bilim insanlarını daha derine inmeye ve mevcut modeli yeniden düşünmeye sevk etmiştir.
Araştırma ekibi, fare modelleri ve insan doku örneklerinin bir kombinasyonunu kullanarak, etkileri araştırmak için bir otoimmün yanıtı simüle etti. Şaşırtıcı bir şekilde, elektron mikroskobu görüntüleri hala miyelin tarafından “korunan” nöronların en büyük hasarı gördüğünü ortaya çıkardı. Miyelin kaplamanın faydalarından yoksun olmalarına rağmen, çıplak nöronlar akut enflamatuar ortamda daha iyi durumda bulundu.
Belki de hasarlı miyelinin varlığı, önceki varsayımların aksine aksonal hasara yol açmaktadır.
Almanya’nın Göttingen kentindeki Max Planck Multidisipliner Bilimler Enstitüsü’nden Profesör Klaus-Armin Nave, işlem sırasını açıklıyor: “Oligodendrositler akut enflamatuar hasara maruz kaldıklarında, aksonları destekleme yeteneklerini kaybedebilirler ve miyelin aksonların hayatta kalması için negatif bir risk haline gelir”
Schaffner ve diğerleri, Nature Neuroscience 2023
Araştırmacılar MS’in önemli bir bileşenini tanımlayarak, gelecekteki terapötik müdahaleler için umut verici bir model ortaya çıkardılar. “Leipzig Üniversitesi Anatomi Enstitüsü’nden Dr. Robert Fledrich, “Hasarlı miyelini korumak yerine, hasarlı miyelinin hızlı bir şekilde parçalanmasını teşvik etmek aslında terapötik olarak daha iyi olabilir” diyor. Enkaz halindeki miyelin kaldırıldığında, “işlevsel miyelinin yenilenmesini” teşvik etmek MS semptomlarını hafifletebilir.
Kaynaklar: Nature Neuroscience, EurekAltert!
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